Antimony
Antimony mining involves extracting the metalloid antimony from deposits in the Earth’s crust. The process typically includes exploration, extraction, and refining to obtain antimony for various industrial applications, such as flame retardants and alloy production.
Bismuth
Bismuth mining is the extraction of the element bismuth from Earth’s crust. Bismuth is often obtained as a byproduct of other metal mining processes and is utilized in various applications, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and certain metal alloys.
Gallium
Gallium is not typically mined in the traditional sense, as it is often extracted as a byproduct of aluminum and zinc production. It is a rare metal used in electronics, solar panels, and LEDs due to its low melting point and unique properties
Graphite
 This process typically includes exploration, drilling, and extraction methods to obtain graphite, a versatile material used in various industries such as batteries, lubricants, and as a crucial component in the production of graphene.
Indium
Indium is usually obtained as a byproduct of zinc mining, and its extraction involves processing zinc ore. The primary source of indium is sphalerite, a mineral that contains zinc, from which indium is extracted during the zinc smelting process
Magnesium
Magnesium is not typically mined in the traditional sense, as it is found in large deposits of magnesite or dolomite. The extraction process involves either open-pit or underground mining to access these mineral deposits
Palladium
Palladium is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining other metals, particularly nickel and platinum. The main sources of palladium are nickel-copper deposits and platinum group metal (PGM) deposits.
Platinum
Platinum mining involves extracting platinum group metals, including platinum, palladium, and rhodium, from ore deposits through underground or open-pit mining.
Rare Earth Element
Rare Earth Element (REE) mining is the extraction of rare earth minerals from ore deposits, typically found in conjunction with alkaline to peralkaline igneous complexes.
Silicon
Tantalum
Tantalum is a rare metal obtained through mining tantalite ore, primarily found in Central Africa. It is prized for its corrosion resistance and high capacitance, making it essential for electronics, particularly.
Tellurium
Tellurium is often extracted as a byproduct of copper and lead refining processes, as it is typically found in association with these metals in certain ores. The primary sources of tellurium include the anode slimes generated during copper refining
Tin
Tin is mined from cassiterite ore, predominantly found in alluvial deposits or underground mines. This malleable metal is widely used in the production of solder, coatings, and as an alloy in the manufacturing of tin cans.
Tungsten
Tungsten mining involves extracting the metal tungsten from its ore, typically wolframite or scheelite. The process includes exploration, mining, and beneficiation to produce tungsten concentrate.
Vanadium
Vanadium is primarily mined as a byproduct of other metal mining operations, often associated with uranium, titanium, and iron ore deposits. The extraction process involves mining the ore and then processing it through various methods, such as heap leaching or direct smelting
Phosphate
Phosphate mining involves the extraction of phosphate rock from deposits, typically through open-pit or underground methods. The mined phosphate rock is processed to produce phosphate fertilizers, essential for agricultural activities to enhance soil fertility and crop yield.
Indium
Indium is primarily obtained as a byproduct of zinc mining. It is typically found in zinc ores, particularly sphalerite. The extraction process involves mining the zinc ore and then separating and refining the indium during the zinc smelting process.
Ruthenium
Ruthenium is a platinum group metal typically obtained as a byproduct of nickel and copper mining. It is found in ores containing other platinum group metals. The mining process involves extracting and refining these ores, with ruthenium used in various industrial applications, such as electronics, catalysis, and as an alloying element in certain materials.